Research Blog #9

The counterargument that LGBT students participate in Greek life in order to conform to ideals of masculinity falls apart when the same argument is applied to college women. Is the idea of masculinity only exclusive for males? Or do the traits of masculinity also apply to the other gender and the phrase “masculinity” is only called that because it is male-centric? For example, in Beer and Circus, it is a “masculine trait” to be able to drink to excess, ironically being called “feminine” if one decides to drink safe and responsibly. However, statistics showed that while women drank less than men by virtue of their naturally lower weight range, they still pursued in drinking to excess. This implies that women do not have a “feminine” ideal that counterparts masculinity. If they did, then women would be pressured by their female peers to stay feminine and avoid binge-drinking.

Research Blog #8

In “Out on Fraternity Row”, one of the respondents to the Lambda 10 Project show even gay fraternity men engaging in homophobic behavior in order to protect themselves from ostracization. A student rushing a fraternity was “blackballed” from the brothers due to suspicions of him being gay. The gay brothers did not speak out for him and in fact, were the ones that exposed him by telling other brothers about the student’s past gay experience. The argument for homophobia is the idea that other Greek organizations and people will not want to associate with a fraternity suspected of being full of gays. Even brothers who are ambivalent about the topic will know that letting in openly gay men will potentially kill the fraternity chapter due to fear of social isolation.

This case of a student being blackballed is a direct example of homophobia and why others must speak out in order to provide visibility. Gay fraternity men who joined the organizations in order to feel brotherhood and acceptance, fear being rejected and participate in the irrational behavior of their homophobic peers to stay “undercover”.

Research Blog #7

My theory is that LGBT students who seek to join a fraternity or sorority, do so knowing that despite the problematic culture of hazing, binge-drinking, and toxic behavior, will gain acceptance if they assimilate into this culture. One of my sources, Guyland, explains the behavior of why men in general join fraternities: to feel validate by their peers in order to transition from boyhood to men. Some terms and phrases that I see in this book are also referenced in my other sources such as: masculinity, homophobia, binge-drinking.

Research Blog #6

http://www.keithedwards.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/External-Expectations.jpg

This image is a collection of words and phrases that define and relate to ideas of masculinity. Notice how many of these words are implicitly negative, such as “not preparing for academics” and “drinking to excess”. There are also problematic terms that imply that saying these will increase one’s masculinity. The concept of saying these phrases and acting in certain ways are touched upon in several of my sources such as “Out on Fraternity Row” and “Guyland”.

Research Proposal Blog #4

1. Greek Life and Homosexuality
2. Topic:  Greek life in universities is an environment full of socializing and gaining acceptance. LGBT students struggle finding acceptance compared to heterosexuals due to their sexuality, seeing how they experience fraternities and sororities provides an interesting insight on why and how they pursue this culture. Some things to look into are why people join Greek organizations in the first place when there are a slew of “problems” such as binge drinking, hazing, and homophobia. Another is defining masculinity and why men choose to pursue this ideal in order to be accepted. On top of that, do women fall under the same standards men do in pursuing the ideal traits of their gender?
3. Research Question: Why do LGBT students pursue Greek Life and how are their experiences different from non-LGBT students.
4. Theoretical Frame/Approach: Looking into concepts of acceptance, masculinity, manhood, hazing culture, liminality of students, unique experiences of LGBT people in a general setting.
5. Case, Additional Questions, Research Plan.
1. Look into direct experiences of LGBT students in Greek life. Research things not explicitly explained in the experiences such as the concept of being “in the closet” and being “outed”
2. Additional questions may be to look into hazing as another topic altogether
3. Research plan: research LGBT experiences and concepts, Greek culture concepts, and college culture concepts in order to find a pattern of intersectionality.
6. Nathan, Rebekah. "Understanding Student Culture." Anthropology News 46.7 (2005): 17-18. Web.
   Smith, Emily Esfahani. On Fraternities and Manliness. N.p.: The New Criterion, 2017. Web.
   Freeman, Pamela W., and Shane L. Windmeyer. Secret sisters: stories of being lesbian in a college sorority. Los Angeles, CA: Alyson, 2001. Print.
   Freeman, Pamela W., and Shane L. Windmeyer. Out on Fraternity Row. Los Angeles, CA: Alyson, 2001. Print.
   Kimmel, Michael. Guyland: The Dangerous World Where Boys Become Men. New York: Harper, 2000. Print.
   Sperber, Murrey. Beer and Circus: How Big-Time College Sports Is Crippling Undergraduate Education. N.p.: Holt Paperbacks, 2001. Web.

Literature Review #5

1. Fraternity Hazing and the Process of Planned Failure
   
2. Cimino, Aldo. Fraternity Hazing and the Process of Planned Failure. Journal of American Studies, 2016. Web.
3. The analysis is a study conducted by Aldo Cimino who researches a pledge process at so-called “Alpha” fraternity (used for anonymity). He explains the general process that the pledges go through at every pledge meeting. The process includes a general cycle of calisthenics, force-feeding noxious food, and reciting fraternity information to the brothers. He sees a pattern in that hazing in the pledge process is meant to make the pledges fail. Hard work is not met with the same “amount” of rewards, it is random that the pledges get rewards or punishments with succeeding, but punishment is inevitable with failure to do fraternity tasks.
4. Aldo Cimino has published several works on the topic of hazing, he’s an Anthropology professor at UC Santa Barbara. He made this particular work possible because he surveyed and analyzed a fraternity with the fraternity’s full consent, and contained identities to ensure trust and anonymity despite hazing being illegal.
5. Hazing: the abuse of new or prospective group members. It is illegal in most US states and explicitly stated in Alpha’s university’s rules and own national fraternity.

Pledge: a newcomer who has received a bid to join the fraternity and accepted it. The pledge goes through a “pledge process” which typically takes up to 10 weeks where they have several meetings a week filled with tasks to do and information to learn.

6. “To reiterate, planned failure is when a task is assigned that is specifically designed to induce failure. The way in which “failure” is created, however, can be quite variable. For Alpha, the pledge book is where planned failure begins. Alpha's pledge book enumerates the goals and ideals of the fraternity and provides general guidelines for pledge behavior.”

“For Alpha, “correctness” has multiple dimensions. Pledges must speak the items loudly and clearly, and they must not mispronounce any word. Even a single mistake in a long series of correct recitations can be met with hazing. Further, recitation tasks are often split up between pledges, with mistakes from one pledge creating hazing ordeals for all pledges.”

“One possibility is that planned failure is an attempt to shift some of the responsibility for hazing. If hazees believe that they can avoid some hazing, but continually fail to meet the conditions for doing so, they may blame themselves or “the rules,” rather than the hazers.”

7. This analysis is particularly important to provide a look into the “secret” parts of Greek life: hazing. The audience for my paper may or may not be a part of Greek life, and those who are not in a fraternity or sorority likely does not know anything about Greek culture. The Alpha fraternity’s process should not be applied to all fraternities and sororities, but does show a “typical” layout of what a pledge process is like.

Literature Review #4

1. 
   
   
2. Kimmel, Michael. Guyland: The Dangerous World Where Boys Become Men. New York: Harper, 2000. Print.
3. Guyland talks about the passage from adolescence to adulthood. This passage was once clear but has become blurred due to the stages of liminality in men, who must explore what it means to be a “man” in order to feel validated.
4. Michael Kimmel is an author/editor of more than twenty volumes on the subject of manhood. He’s a sociology professor at SUNY: Stony Brook.
5. Guyland: a liminal stage of life between adolescence and adulthood where “guys can be guys” with each other, paradoxically grown men are fixated on boyhood and ignore adult responsibilities

Initiations: events that prove “misguided notions of masculinity”, transition from one status to another: boyhood to manhood.

6. “Initiations in Guyland are about the passage from boyhood to manhood. Boyhood is the world of women… Many fraternities have equally infantilizing rituals. If initiation is going to validate your manhood, first you have to regress to babyhood.” (99)

“In the United States, providing masculinity appears to be a lifelong project, endless and unrelenting. Daily, grown men call each other out, challenging one another’s manhood.” (100)

7. This book takes a look into initiations, pledging, and hazing. These Greek-life related concepts can provide an insight into the psychology of men who join fraternities. While the experiences described are not specifically for homosexual experiences, they can be one of the reasons why LGBT students join Greek culture despite problematic culture.

Literature Review #3

Beer and Circus Cheap Beer: The Oxygen of the Greek System

1. 
   
   
2. Sperber, Murrey. Beer and Circus: How Big-Time College Sports Is Crippling Undergraduate Education. N.p.: Holt Paperbacks, 2001. Web.
3. Beer and Circus researches the effects of student culture in university life, and argues that universities enable problematic behavior such as binge-drinking and partying in order to sustain money from tuition-paying students. Chapter 14: Cheap Beer focuses particularly on Greek life. Greek life enables binge-drinking through excess partying and shutting down Greek organizations or initiating an alcohol prohibition hurts the university more than it helps.
4. Murray Sperber has experience in universities. He taught in Indiana University in English/American studies, and is a visiting professor of the Cultural Studies of Sport in education program in UC Berkeley. He published seven books so far, with the latest being “Beer and Circus”
5. The Animal House: a famous classic movie that takes place in the 1960’s which glorifies fraternity and party life. This movie is referenced several times due to its influence on university culture and how people view it as the “ideal” life, which contains excessive drinking.

Binge drinking: “average-sized male consuming five or more drinks within a fairly short amount of time, and a female, four drinks” (157)

6. "Yet, radical reform is impossible because fraternities, which have no purpose outside themselves-beyond their own bonding-can survive only by reinforcing their own traditions... particularly their drinking ones" (157)

"Date rape is a nasty part of the school's cost of doing business. It's awful, it's obscene, but it will never end as long as students allow themselves to get drunk out of their heads and end up in locked bedrooms.... Binge drinking is wholly irrational and that's when date rape happens most often" (164)

7. Although this source does not talk about LGBT students, it provides an insight on why fraternities and sororities act the way they do: by explaining drinking culture and the need for acceptance by valuing social life over academics.

Literature Review #2

Literature Review #2

1. 
   
   
2. Freeman, Pamela W., and Shane L. Windmeyer. Out on Fraternity Row. Los Angeles, CA: Alyson, 2001. Print.
3. Secret Sisters is a collection of short stories and accounts from various sororities pertaining to homosexual experiences. This book is the female counterpart of “Out on Fraternity Row” under the same authors.
4. See: Literature Review #1
5. Diversity: range of people with different characteristics. Greek life has been criticized for lack of diversity due to historically white chapters being exclusionary based on not only color, but socioeconomic traits too.

Blackball: to secretly vote to reject someone (i.e. a sorority rush or pledge) without stating the real reasons why. For example, a girl rushing a sorority suspected of being lesbian by the sisters may be rejected a bid based on just that trait, but other reasons may be used to cover the reason up).

6. “Perhaps the pressure sorority women feel in regard to appearance stems from their adherence to traditional gender roles. Two studies found that women in sororities hold more stereotypical views of women’s roles than do women who are not members.” (xxx)

“The Greek system also provides a ‘legitimate’ campus subculture for students to associate with others who are affluent, have relatively undefined academic and vocational plans, and place a higher priority on social life than intellectual pursuits” (xxxi)

“The desire to belong, to be loved, to fit in consumed me during my freshman year in college” (xxxii)

7. This book is important to provide an insight on the female gender and how lesbian experiences are similar or different to homosexual male experiences in Greek life. It is important that I do not assume what applies to fraternity men applies to sorority women and vice versa.

Research Blog #5 Bibliography

Nathan, Rebekah. "Understanding Student Culture." Anthropology News 46.7 (2005): 17-18. Web.

Smith, Emily Esfahani. On Fraternities and Manliness. N.p.: The New Criterion, 2017. Web.
Freeman, Pamela W., and Shane L. Windmeyer. Secret sisters: stories of being lesbian in a college sorority. Los Angeles, CA: Alyson, 2001. Print.
Freeman, Pamela W., and Shane L. Windmeyer. Out on Fraternity Row. Los Angeles, CA: Alyson, 2001. Print.
Kimmel, Michael. Guyland: The Dangerous World Where Boys Become Men. New York: Harper, 2000. Print.
Sperber, Murrey. Beer and Circus: How Big-Time College Sports Is Crippling Undergraduate Education. N.p.: Holt Paperbacks, 2001. Web.

Literature Review #1

1. 
2. Freeman, Pamela W., and Shane L. Windmeyer. Out on Fraternity Row. Los Angeles, CA: Alyson, 2001. Print.
3. Out on Fraternity Row is a collection of short stories and accounts from various fraternities pertaining to homosexual experiences. While everyone’s situation is unique, every fraternity member faces similar patterns of fearing their sexuality being “exposed” and struggling with acceptance.
4. Shane L. Windmeyer was part of a fraternity (Phi Delta Theta) in 1992, and created the Lambda 10 Project in 1995 which was the collection of experiences that became this book in order to address homophobia issues in the college Greek system. Pamela W. Freeman is the assistant dean of students and director of the Office of Student Ethics and Antiharassment Programs in Indiana University, she co-chairs the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Antiharassment Team (Out on Fraternity Row, back cover)
5. Visibility: refers to how gay members of fraternities need to speak up and defend other gay members from homophobia to spark “visibility”, i.e. showing that there are more gay members than people think. Gaydar: a “radar” that people assume they have that can determine who they meet is gay or not based on certain stereotypes, gestures, and actions. Fraternity members suspected to be gay under the gaydar were simply ignored or avoided.
6. “One encounters similar complexities when trying to determine how many fraternity men are gay. Many men are still developing their sexual identity while they are in college” (xxix)
1. This statement emphasizes that sexuality is fluid and that men who identify as gay during a certain time period (i.e. college) may not identify as exclusively gay during other periods of their life. Likewise for heterosexuality and bisexuality.

“Maurice: ‘So when asked why I wanted to join a fraternity, I had one answer for him: to meet women and become sexually involved with them so that I would not end up gay” (xxx)

b. One of the fraternity members’ statements on why they joined Greek life. Maurice is not comfortable with his own sexuality so he decided to assimilate into the heteronormative fraternity culture.

“Brothers equate virility with hterosexuality. Some brothers reported that when they were pledges there was pressure on them ‘to get laid’ in order to establish their virility as heterosexual males. Fraternities that don’t apply this pressure are seen as encouraging homosexuality”

c.  One of the signs that people use a “gaydar” for. If a person does not conform to heterosexual acts such as virility, then they will be suspected and possibly outed for not having the same standards of masculinity.

7. This book will help me speak out homosexuality in Greek Life because these are real, actual experiences by fraternity brothers. Usually, fraternity brothers will not speak out because of their fear of being outed and ostracized by their own brothers, so they will usually stay silent.

Blog Post #3

Out on fraternity row, Shane L Windmeyer, Pamela W. freeman

Secret Sisters: Stories of Being Lesbian and Bisexual in a College Sorority, Shane L. Windmeyer, Pamela W. freeman

- These two sources are about non-heterosexual Greek life members who share their personal experiences with fraternities and sororities. A pattern can be found in these stories: the person is finding a place that they feel can belong, and ironically feel they cannot fully trust their own brothers or sisters with their secret of being gay or bisexual. However there is always at least 1 person they come fully trust to come out to, which indicates the importance of being socially affluent as a homosexual/bisexual to survive in a university environment.

Making Men in Gay fraternities: Resisting and Reproducing Multiple Dimensions of Hegemonic Masculinity, King-To Yeung, Mindy Stombler, Renee Wharton

- Looks into Delta Lambda Phi, a gay fraternity and how gay men face the meanings of masculinity and whether they should approach "normal heterosexual masculinity" throug radical cultural change or assimilate slowly

Blog Post #2

1.I decided to combine the two topics, though it may be a bit "too" specific: focusing on how successful minority students (based on race, gender, sexuality, etc) are in college, especially public vs private universities and how they act in college Greek culture.

2. Searching "fraternity privatization college" I actually came across a blogspot talking specifically about fraternities in a privatized college background (without the focus on minorities). Looking at this student's opinions will be useful for dissecting the topic since it has several layers of things needed to research.

3. https://books.google.com/books?id=FE4E9xJHDn4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=greek+life+universities+minorities&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdwcarwJDSAhXCJJoKHcuOCtcQ6AEIQTAG#v=onepage&q&f=false

 4. I also realize that learning about black history is also something that may be important to focus on. An example is how "The Divine Nine" black Greek organizations may have not existed if univerisities were as privatized back then as they are today.  

Another book I've looked at that may be important is https://books.google.com/books?id=oDuBvb3oT6wC&printsec=frontcover&dq=fraternity+universities+worth+it&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzp-PzwZDSAhVILZoKHQ7CAs8Q6AEILTAD#v=onepage&q=fraternity%20universities%20worth%20it&f=false " "fraternity gang rape: sex, brotherhood, and privilege on campus", which delves into rape culture.

6. So far I did not find any controversies yet since I've only delved into the surface level of searching each "background" and how they may interconnect with each other (minorities, Greek life, privatization)

Blog Post #1

Topics I'm thinking about:

Effect of pathways a college student may take depending on their affluency -> focusing on Greek life

How privatization affects students based on ethnic/sexuality